What distinguishes a conductor from an insulator?

A conductor is defined by its ability to allow electric current to flow freely through it. This property arises from the presence of free-moving electrons that can carry charge easily when a voltage is applied. In contrast, an insulator is characterized by its resistance to the flow of electric current. Insulators have tightly bound electrons that do not move freely, making it difficult for electrical charges to pass through them.

This fundamental difference in the behavior of conductors and insulators highlights their distinct roles in electrical systems. Conductors, such as copper or aluminum, are used in wiring and electrical components to facilitate the movement of electricity, whereas insulators, like rubber or glass, are utilized to prevent unwanted electrical flow and to protect users from electrical shock.

Understanding this distinction is crucial, as it forms the basis for many applications in electronics and electrical engineering. Knowing that conductors allow current to flow easily while insulators impede it helps in selecting appropriate materials for specific electrical purposes.